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A key aspect of professional noticing includes attending to students’ mathematics (Jacobs et al., 2010). Initially, preservice teachers (PSTs) may attend to non-mathematics specific aspects of a classroom before attending to children’s procedures and then, eventually their conceptual reasoning (Barnhart & van Es, 2015). Use of 360 videos has been observed to increase the likelihood that PSTs will attend to more mathematics-specific student actions. This is due to an increased perceptual capacity, or the capacity of a representation to convey what is perceivable in a scenario (Kosko et al., in press). A 360 camera records a classroom omnidirectionally, allowing PSTs viewing the video to look in any direction. Moreover, several 360 cameras can be used in a single room to allow the viewer to move from one point in the recorded classroom to another; defined by Zolfaghari et al., 2020 as multi-perspective 360 video. Although multiperspective 360 has tremendous potential for immersion and presence (Gandolfi et al., 2021), we have not located empirical research clarifying whether or how this may affect PSTs’ professional noticing. Rather, most published research focuses on the use of a single camera. Given the dearth of research, we explored PSTs’ viewing of and teacher noticing related to a six-camera multiperspective 360 video. We examined 22 early childhood PSTs’ viewing of a 4th grade class using pattern blocks to find an equivalent fraction to 3/4. Towards the end of the video, one student suggested 8/12 as an equivalent fraction, but a peer claimed it was 9/12. The teacher prompts the peer to “prove it” and a brief discussion ensues before the video ends. After viewing the video, PSTs’ written noticings were solicited and coded. In our initial analysis, we examined whether PSTs attended to students’ fraction reasoning. Although many PSTs attended to whether 8/12 or 9/12 was the correct answer, only 7 of 22 attended to students’ part-whole reasoning of the fractions. Next, we examined the variance in how frequently PSTs switched their camera perspective using the unalikeability statistic. Unalikeability (U2) is a nonparametric measure of variance, ranging from 0 to 1, for nominal variables (Kader & Perry, 2007). Participants scores ranged from 0 to 0.80 (Median=0.47). We then compared participants’ U2 statistics for whether they attended (or not) to students mathematical reasoning in their written noticing. Findings revealed no statistically significant difference (U=38.5, p=0.316). On average, PSTs used 2-3 camera perspectives, and there was no observable benefit to using a higher number of cameras. These findings suggest that multiple perspectives may be useful for some, but not all PSTs’. 

The use of video is commonplace for professional preparation in education and other fields. Research has provided evidence that the use of video in these contexts can lead to increased noticing and reflection. However, educators now have access to evolving forms of video such as 360 video. The purpose of this study was to adapt and validate an instrument for assessing immersive 360 video use in an undergraduate preservice teacher university training program. Data provided evidence of the validity of the Extended Reality Presence Scale (XRPS) for 360 video research in preservice teacher professional development. Moreover, evidence from the study suggests that those with higher feelings of presence are less likely to jump around (or twitch) while watching 360 videos. The main implications are that: a) the XRPS is a validated and reliable instrument and b) more research is needed to examine the presence and practices for in-service and preservice teachers while watching 360 video. 

Immersive videos for training pre-service teachers (PST) are becoming increasingly important and, yet, inadequately investigated. This article focuses on the role of presence as a possible aid in 360 videos for future educators, presenting the results of a study involving 118 PSTs. A multiple factor analysis of the Extended Reality Presence Scale was directed for understanding possible subfactors covering this construct and the potential role of content area and major in influencing PSTs’ viewing experiences. In addition, written noticings regarding 360 videos were collected for exploring correlations between themes noticed and degrees of presence. Results point at 1) three subfactors – i.e., emotional connectivity, co-presence, and awareness of self – composing the feeling of presence, 2) the impact of PSTs’ major on experiencing co-presence, and 3) how presence is positively correlated to a better focus on students and negatively correlated to content in participants’ noticing. 

One of the most disruptive aspects of 2020 for teacher education, mainly due to COVID, was the loss of field placements for future teachers. Teacher educators attempted to respond to this gap with videos of exemplary practice—something used commonly in teacher education to supplement such field experiences. Teacher educators, however, should have learned about the potential and promise for the use of 360 video for teaching and teacher education. This chapter highlights the research behind the use of 360, also showcasing how it has been used successfully in mathematics teacher education and physical education teacher education. The chapter includes evidence supporting the use of 360 as a dissemination technique and a technology skill needed to be taught to current and future teachers. Finally, evidence is provided to suggest that the use of 360 should be continued even when field placements return fully face-to-face. 

Preservice teachers (PSTs) often demonstrate difficulty learning to attend to content-specific student actions in-the-moment. However, machine learning algorithms applied to PSTs’ viewing of 360 videos provides a potentially useful tool for teacher educators. In this paper, we describe the initial development of such a tool and the implications for its use. 

This study examined the development of a new instrument—the extended reality presence scale (XRPS) – for evaluating presence in immersive videos for pre-service teachers. Mixed reality shows potential in improving the training of future educators and instructors. As such, the field needs adequate tools for assessing and evaluating such an innovation. This scale has been inspired by the Multimodal Presence Scale for virtual reality environments and revised according to the specific facets related to pre-service teachers learning. Cognitive interviews (n=15) were conducted for testing the XRPS items and its interpretations. Results point to a confirmation of the instrument with minor changes for improving its clarity and extending its range of application.